# Netlists¶

Lcapy circuits are described using a netlist of interconnected components (see Component specification). Each line of a netlist describes a component using a SPICE-like syntax.

## Circuits¶

A circuit (or network) can be created by loading a netlist from a file or by dynamically adding nets. For example,

>>> cct = Circuit('circuit.sch')


or

>>> cct = Circuit()


or

>>> cct = Circuit()
>>> R1 1 2
>>> L1 2 3
>>> """)


or

>>> cct = Circuit("""
>>> R1 1 2
>>> L1 2 3
>>> """)


This last version requires more than one net otherwise it is interpreted as a filename.

A Node object is obtained from a Circuit object using indexing notation, for example:

>>> cct[2]


A Component object is obtained from a Circuit object using member notation, for example:

>>> cct.R1


### Component specification¶

Each line in a netlist describes a single component, with the general form:

component-name positive-node negative-node arg1 [arg2 etc.] [; attributes]


If no args are specified then the component value is assigned a symbolic name specified by component-name.

Lines starting with # are treated as comments.

The attributes are primarily for controlling the appearance of the schematic. The attribute nosim is used to ignore the component for electrical analysis.

Arguments containing delimiters (space, tab, comma, left bracket, right bracket) can be escaped with brackets or double quotes. For example:

V1 1 0 {cos(5 * t)}

The component type is specified by the first letter(s) of the component-name. For example, the following line defines a voltage source called V1 connected between nodes 1 and 0:

V1 1 0


Here’s another example defining a resistor R between nodes 1 and 2:

R 1 2


The value parameters can be named, for example,

E 1 0 opamp 2 3 Ro=20

In this case the Ad and Ac parameters are assigned default values.

Here’s a list of the known components that can be used for circuit simulation (additional components can be drawn, see Components):

• Arbitrary voltage source:

Vname Np Nm Vexpr

For example,

V1 1 0 This is a DC source of V1 V. For versions before 0.85, this is equivalent to V1 1 0 {v1(t)}

V1 1 0 10 This is a DC source of 10 V

V1 1 0 {2 * cos(5 * t)} This is an AC source

V1 1 0 {2 * cos(5 * t) * u(t)} This is a transient source

V1 1 0 {10 / s} This is a transient source defined in the s-domain

V1 1 0 {s * 0 + 10} This is a transient source defined in the s-domain, equivalent to V1 1 0 s 10

• DC voltage source of voltage V:

Vname Np Nm dc V

• AC voltage source of complex voltage amplitude V and phase p (radians) with default angular frequency $$\omega_0$$

Vname Np Nm ac V p

• AC voltage source of complex voltage amplitude V and phase p (radians) with angular frequency $$w$$

Vname Np Nm ac V p w

• Step voltage source of amplitude V

Vname Np Nm step V

• s-domain voltage source of complex amplitude V

Vname Np Nm s V

• Arbitrary current source:

Iname Np Nm Iexpr

I1 1 0 This is a DC source of I1 A. For versions before 0.85, this is equivalent to I1 1 0 {i1(t)}

I1 1 0 10 This is a DC source of 10 A

I1 1 0 {2 * cos(5 * t)} This is an AC source

I1 1 0 {2 * cos(5 * t) * u(t)} This is a transient source

I1 1 0 {10 / s} This is a transient source defined in the s-domain

I1 1 0 {s * 0 + 10} This is a transient source defined in the s-domain, equivalent to I1 1 0 s 10

• DC current source of current I:

Iname Np Nm dc I

• AC current source of complex current amplitude I and phase p (radians) with default angular frequency $$\omega_0$$

Iname Np Nm ac I p

• AC current source of complex current amplitude I and phase p (radians) with angular frequency $$w$$

Iname Np Nm ac I p w

• Step current source of amplitude I

Iname Np Nm step I

• s-domain current source of complex current I

Iname Np Nm s I

• Resistor of resistance R:

Rname Np Nm R

• Noiseless resistor of resistance R (this is generated by the noisy() method when performing noise analysis):

NRname Np Nm R

• Conductor of conductance G:

Gname Np Nm G

• Inductor of inductance L:

Lname Np Nm L

Lname Np Nm L i0

Here i0 is the initial current through the inductor. If this is specified then the circuit is solved as an initial value problem.

• Capacitor of capacitance C:

Cname Np Nm C

Cname Np Nm C v0

Here v0 is the initial voltage across the capacitor. If this is specified then the circuit is solved as an initial value problem.

• Wire:

Wname Np Nm

Note, if name is not specified, a unique name is chosen. See Autonaming.

• Open circuit:

Oname Np Nm

Note, if name is not specified, a unique name is chosen. See Autonaming.

• Port:

Pname Np Nm

This acts like an open-circuit; it is useful for schematics.

• Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) of voltage gain E with controlling nodes Nip and Nim:

Ename Np Nm Nip Nim E

• Opamp of differential gain Ad, common-mode gain Ac (default 0), and output resistance Ro (default 0) with controlling nodes Nip and Nim. The common-mode voltage is with respect to node Nm:

Ename Np Nm opamp Nip Nim Ad Ac Ro

• Fully differential opamp with controlling nodes Nip and Nim, node Nocm to set the common-mode output voltage, differential open-loop gain Ad and common-mode gain Ac (default 0). The common-mode voltage is with respect to node Nm. See also Fully-differential opamps.

Ename Np Nm fdopamp Nip Nim Nocm Ad Ac

• Instrumentation amplifier with controlling nodes Nip and Nim, gain resistor nodes Nrp and Nrm, open-loop differential gain Ad, common-mode gain Ac (default 0), and internal feedback resistance Rf. The closed-loop gain (assuming infinite open-loop gain) is $$G = 1 + 2 R_f / R_g$$ where $$R_f$$ is the internal feedback resistance and $$R_g$$ is the external gain setting resistance. See also Instrumentation amplifiers.

Ename Np Nm inamp Nip Nim Nrp Nrm Ad Ac Rf

• Current-controlled current source (CCVS) of current gain F. The control current is defined as the current flowing through the voltage source Vcontrol.

Fname Np Nm Vcontrol F

• Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) of transadmittance G with controlling nodes Nip and Nim:

Gname Np Nm Nip Nim G

• Current-controlled voltage source (VCCS) of transimpedance H. The control current is defined as the current flowing through the voltage source Vcontrol.

Hname Np Nm Vcontrol H

• Ideal transformer of turns ratio a = N_2 / N_1:

TFname Np Nm Nip Nim a

• Ideal gyrator of gyration resistance R:

GYname Np Nm Nip Nim R

• Mechanical spring:

kname Np Nm k

kname Np Nm k u0 Here u0 is the initial speed. If this is specified then the circuit is solved as an initial value problem.

• Mechanical mass:

mname Np Nm m

mname Np Nm m f0 Here f0 is the initial force. If this is specified then the circuit is solved as an initial value problem.

• Mechanical damper:

rname Np Nm r

• Reluctance:

RLname Np Nm R

• Switch:

SW Np Nm activation-time Normally open switch.

SW Np Nm no activation-time Normally open switch.

SW Np Nm nc activation-time Normally closed switch.

SW Np Nm push activation-time Normally open push button switch.

SW Nc Np Nm spdt activation-time Single-pole double-throw switch.

The activation-time argument defaults to zero.

• Two-port:

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim A A11 A12 A21 A22 V1a I1a

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim B B11 B12 B21 B22 V2b I2b

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim G G11 G12 G21 G22 I1g V2g

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim H H11 H12 H21 H22 V1h I2h

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim Y Y11 Y12 Y21 Y22 I1y I2y

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim Z Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22 V1z V2z

The last two arguments default to zero. Note, Lcapy assumes that the nodes Nm and Nim are at the same potential.

Np denotes the positive node; Nm denotes the negative node. For two-port devices, Nip denotes the positive input node and Nim denotes the negative input node. Note, conventional current flows from positive-node to negative-node. Node names can be numeric or symbolic. The ground node is designated 0.

• Transmission-line:

TPname Np Nm Nip Nim Z0 gamma length

Here Z0 is the characteristic impedance, gamma is the propagation constant (s / c for a lossless line of speed c), and length is the length.

If the value is not explicitly specified, the component name is used. For example,

C1 1 0 is equivalent to C1 1 0 C1

### Autonaming¶

Components (except for wires and open-circuits) must have unique names otherwise the previous definition is over-written. For some netlists, choosing unique names can be tedious and so if the name is a ? a unique name is automatically generated. For example:

C2 1 2
C? 2 3
C? 3 4
C3 4 5


In this example, the second capacitor is named as C1 and the third capacitor is named C3 since C1 has been previously define. However, the fourth capacitor also has the name C3 and so it overrides the previous definition.

### Circuit attributes¶

A circuit is comprised of a collection of Nodes and a collection of circuit elements (Components). For example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... V1 1 0 {u(t)}
... R1 1 2
... L1 2 0""")
>>> cct
V1 1 0 {u(t)}
R1 1 2
L1 2 0

>>> cct.R1
R1 1 2

• components dictionary of the components defined by the netlist

• nodes dictionary of nodes used in the netlist

• subcircuits dictionary of sub-circuits (for ac, dc, transient, etc.)

• is_ac all independent sources are ac

• is_causal all independent sources are causal (they are zero for $$t < 0$$)

• is_dc all independent sources are dc

• is_passive no sources

• is_time_domain netlist can be analysed in time domain

• is_superposition netlist must be analysed as a superposition

• ivp initial value problem

• has_ic initial conditions are specified

• has_ac an independent source has an ac component

• has_dc an independent source has a dc component

• has_s_transient an independent source has a transient component defined in s-domain

• has_transient an independent source has a transient component

• control_sources list of voltage sources used to specify control current for CCVS and CCCS components

• dependent_sources list of dependent sources

• ics list of components with explicit initial conditions

• independent_sources list of independent sources

• reactances list of capacitors and inductors

• sources list of sources

• is_connected all components are connected

### Circuit methods¶

• admittance(Np, Nm) Returns the driving-point admittance between nodes Np and Nm and admittance(cpt) returns the driving-point admittance between the nodes of the specified component

• annotate(cpts) Produces a new netlist with the specified component (or list or tuple of components) annotated by appending to the schematic attributes. For example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
R1 1 2; right
R2 2 3; right
R3 3 4; right""")
>>> cct.annotate('R1', color='blue')
R1 1 2; right, color=blue
R2 2 3; right
R3 3 4; right
>>> cct.annotate(('R1','R2'),'dashed, color=blue')
R1 1 2; right, dashed, color=blue
R2 2 3; right, dashed, color=blue
R3 3 4; right


Here’s another example that highlights ‘R1’ and the components that are in series with it:

>>> cct.annotate('R1', color='blue').annotate(cct.in_series('R1'), color='purple').draw()

• annotate_node_voltages(nodes) Produces a new netlist with drawing commands to annotate node voltages for specified nodes (see Annotated node voltages)

• annotate_voltages(cpts) Produces a new netlist with drawing commands to annotate component voltages for specified components (see Annotated component voltages)

• annotate_currents(cpts) Produces a new netlist with drawing commands to annotate component currents for specified components (see Annotated component currents)

• apply_test_current_source(Np, Nm) Copies the netlist, kills all

the sources, and applies a Dirac delta test current source across the specified nodes. If the netlist is not connected to ground, the negative specified node is connected to ground. The new netlist is returned.

• apply_test_voltage_source(Np, Nm) Copies the netlist, kills all

the sources, and applies a Dirac delta test voltage source across the specified nodes. If the netlist is not connected to ground, the negative specified node is connected to ground. The new netlist is returned.

• convert_IVP(t) Returns a new circuit suitable for solving as an initial value problem. Any switches in the circuit are evaluated at the specified time t. Note, when solving the IVP, time is referred to when the last switch activated prior to the time specified for t.

• describe() Prints message describing how netlist is solved

• has() Returns True if component in netlist

• impedance(Np, Nm) Returns the driving-point impedance between nodes Np and Nm and impedance(cpt) returns the driving-point impedance between the nodes of the specified component

• in_parallel() Returns a list of sets of component names that are connected in parallel

• in_series() Returns a list of sets of component names that are connected in series

• kill() Kills specified independent sources (voltage sources become short-circuits and current sources become open-circuits)

• kill_except() Kills all but the specified independent sources

• noise_model() Replaces resistors with a series combination of a resistor and a noise voltage source. For example,

>>> a = Circuit("""
... R1 1 2""")
>>> a.noise_model()
NR1 1 _nodeanon1 R1
VnR1 _nodeanon1 2 noise {sqrt(4 * k_B * T * R1)}

• initialize(cct, T) Sets initial values for reactive components based on the values computed for the circuit cct at time T. This is useful for switching circuits where the circuit topology changes, see Switching analysis. Alternatively, the initialize() method can also take a dictionary of initial values keyed by component name, for example,

>>> a = Circuit("""
... L1 1 2""")
>>> a.initialize({'L1': 7})
L1 1 2 L1 7


• open_circuit(cpt) Applies open circuit in series with the component. The name of the open circuit component is returned.

• r_model() Creates a resistive equivalent model using companion circuits (this is used for time-stepping simulation).

• remove_dangling(select, ignore, passes) Removes dangling components from the netlist. See simplify for a description of the arguments.

• remove_dangling_wires(ignore, passes) Removes dangling wires from the netlist. See simplify for a description of the arguments.

• remove_disconnected(select, ignore, passes) Removes disconnected components from the netlist. See simplify for a description of the arguments.

• replace(name, net) Replaces the named component. For example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... V1 1 0 Vs}
... R1 1 2
... L1 2 0""")
>>> cct2 = cct.replace('L1', 'C1 2 0')
>>> cct2
... V1 1 0 Vs}
... R1 1 2
... C1 2 0""")

• replace_switches(t) Replaces switches with a short-circuit or open-circuit circuit by considering whether the specified time t is at or after the switch activation time. See also convert_IVP.

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... SW1 1 2 no
... SW2 2 3 no 1
... SW3 3 4 nc 2""")
>>> cct.replace_switches(1)
W 1 2
W 2 3
W 3 4
>>> cct.replace_switches(3)
W 1 2
W 2 3
O 3 4

• replace_switches_before(t) Replaces switches with a short-circuit or open-circuit circuit by considering whether the specified time t is before the switch activation time. See also convert_IVP.

• s_model() Converts sources to the s-domain and represents reactive components as impedances.

• short_circuit(cpt) Applies short circuit across the component using a 0 V voltage source. The name of the voltage source is returned.

• simplify(select, ignore, passes, series, parallel, dangling, explain, modify) Simplifies netlist by combing components in series and parallel and by removing dangling components. select is a list or set of the component names to consider; if None all the netlist components are considered for simplification. ignore is a list or set of components to ignore in the simplification. passes is the number of simplification iterations to perform. If zero, iterations continue until no more simpliciations are found. series enables series combination (default True). parallel enables parallel combination (default True). dangling enables dangling componet removal (default False). If explain is True, a description of each simplification is printed. If modify is False, the netlist is not modified.

• simplify_series(select, ignore, passes) Simplifies netlist with components in series. See simplify for a description of the arguments.

• simplify_parallel(select, ignore, passes) Simplifies netlist with components in parallel. See simplify for a description of the arguments.

• state_space(node_voltages, branch_currents) Generates a state-space representation (see State-space analysis) where node_voltages is a list of node names to use as voltage outputs (if None use all nodes) and branch_currents is a list of component names to use as branch current outputs (if None use all the components). Here’s an example:

>>> cct = Circuit('cct.sch')
>>> ss = cct.state_space(node_voltages=['1', '3'], branch_currents=['L1', 'L2'])

• state_space_model() Creates a state-space model by replacing inductors with current sources and capacitors with voltage sources, see State-space analysis.

• subs(subs_dict) Substitutes symbolic values in the netlist using a dictionary of symbols subs_dict. For example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... V1 1 0 Vs
... R1 1 2
... L1 2 0""")
>>> cct2 = cct.subs({'Vs': 10, 'L1': 3})
>>> cct2
V1 1 0 10
R1 1 2
L1 2 0 3

• switching_times(tmax) Returns sorted list of times when switches become active if they are before tmax (default 1e12). For example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... SW1 1 2 no
... SW2 2 3 no 1
... SW3 3 4 nc 2""")
>>> cct.switching_times()
[0.0, 1.0, 2.0]

• unconnected_nodes Returns list of names of nodes that are unconnected

### Circuit two-port methods¶

Circuits have a number of two-port methods. The ports are specified by component name or a tuple of node names. Note, currents are defined to be flowing into the positive node of a port:

Here’s an example:

>>> a = Circuit("""
... P1 1 0
... R1 1 2
... R2 2 0
... R3 2 3
... P2 3 0""")
>>> a.voltage_gain(1, 0, 3, 0)
R₂
───────
R₁ + R₂
>>> a.current_gain('P1', 'P2')
-R₂
───────
R₂ + R₃
>>> a.transimpedance('P1', (3, 0))
R₂
>>> tpz = a.twoport('P1', 'P2', model='Z')
>>> tpz.voltage_gain
R₂
───────
R₁ + R₂


Note, the currents are considered to be flowing into the positive nodes as is the convention with two-ports. Thus the input and output currents have opposite directions and so a piece of wire has a current gain of -1. Similarly the transadmittance of a resistor of resistance R is -1 / R.

The methods are:

• transfer(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the s-domain transfer function V2(s) / V1(s), for the ports defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m where V1 = V[N1p] - V[N1m] and V2 = V[N2p] - V[N2m]. This is an alias for voltage_gain(). The ports can also be specified using a component name or a tuple of node names, for example,

>>> H1 = cct.transfer('R1', 'L1')
>>> H2 = cct.transfer('R1', (2, 0))

• voltage_gain(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the s-domain transfer function V2(s) / V1(s), for the ports defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m where V1 = V[N1p] - V[N1m] and V2 = V[N2p] - V[N2m]. See also transfer().

• current_gain(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the s-domain transfer function I2(s) / I1(s), for the ports defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m. I1(s) is a test current injected into node N1p from node N1m. I2(s) is the short-circuit current flowing into N2p from N1p as is the convention with two-ports. See also transfer().

• transadmittance(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the s-domain transadmittance function I2(s) / V1(s), for the ports defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m. V1(s) is a test voltage applied between nodes N1p and N1m. I2(s) is the short-circuit current flowing into N2p from N1p as is the convention with two-ports. See also transfer().

• transimpedance(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the s-domain transimpedance function V2(s) / I1(s), for the ports defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m. I1(s) is a test current injected into node N1p from node N1m. V2(s) is the open-circuit voltage measured between N2p and N1p. See also transfer().

• twoport(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m, model=’B’) Returns an s-domain two-port model defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m, where I1 is the current flowing into N1p and out of N1m, I2 is the current flowing into N2p and out of N2m, V1 = V[N1p] - V[N1m], and V2 = V[N2p] - V[N2m]. model can be A, B, G, H, Y, or Z.

• Aparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port A-parameters matrix for the two-port defined by nodes N1p, N1m, N2p, and N2m, where I1 is the current flowing into N1p and out of N1m, I2 is the current flowing into N2p and out of N2m, V1 = V[N1p] - V[N1m], and V2 = V[N2p] - V[N2m]. See A-parameters (ABCD) and twoport().

• Bparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port B-parameters matrix. See B-parameters (inverse ABCD) and twoport().

• Gparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port G-parameters matrix. See G-parameters (inverse hybrid) and twoport().

• Hparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port H-parameters matrix. See H-parameters (hybrid) and twoport().

• Sparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port S-parameters matrix. See S-parameters (scattering) and twoport().

• Tparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port T-parameters matrix. See T-parameters (scattering transfer) and twoport().

• Yparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port Y-parameters matrix. See Y-parameters (admittance) and twoport().

• Zparams(N1p, N1m, N2p, N2m) Returns the two-port Z-parameters matrix. See Z-parameters (impedance) and twoport().

## Circuit components¶

A Component object is obtained from a Circuit object using member notation. For example,

>>> cpt = cct.R1


Alternatively, a Component object can be obtained using array notation. For example,

>>> cpt = cct['R1']


### Component attributes¶

Each Component object has a number of attributes, including:

• V transform-domain voltage across component (use V(t) to get the time-domain voltage or V(s) to get the Laplace domain voltage)

• I transform-domain current through component (use I(t) to get the time-domain current or I(s) to get the Laplace domain current)

• v time-domain voltage across component

• i time-domain current through component

Lcapy uses the passive sign convention. Thus for a passive device (R, L, C), current flows into the positive node, and for a source (V, I), current flows out of the positive node.

Note, the above attributes are influenced by other components in the circuit. The following attributes assume that the component is not in circuit:

• Voc transform-domain open-circuit voltage; it is zero for passive components and infinite for current sources

• Isc transform-domain short-circuit current (the current flowing through the component when it is short-circuited); it is zero for passive components and infinite for voltage sources

• voc t-domain open-circuit voltage; it is zero for passive components and infinite for current sources

• isc t-domain short-circuit current (the current flowing through the component when it is short-circuited); it is zero for passive components and infinite for voltage sources

• B susceptance

• G conductance

• R resistance

• X reactance

• Z impedance

• Zs s-domain generalized impedance

• y t-domain impulse response of admittance

• z t-domain impulse response of impedance

• is_dc DC network

• is_ac AC network

• is_IVP initial value problem (at least one capacitor or inductor has an explicit initial condition)

• is_causal causal response

v is the time-domain voltage difference across the component, for example:

>>> cct.R1.v
-R₁⋅t
──────
L₁
e      ⋅Heaviside(t)


i is the time-domain current through the component, for example:

>>> cct.R1.i
⎛      -R₁⋅t ⎞
⎜      ──────⎟
⎜        L₁  ⎟
⎜1    e      ⎟
⎜── - ───────⎟⋅Heaviside(t)
⎝R₁      R₁  ⎠


The V and I attributes provide the voltage and current as a superposition in the transform domains, for example,

>>> cct.V1.V
⎧   1⎫
⎨s: ─⎬
⎩   s⎭


The Y and Z attributes provide the generalized s-domain admittance and impedance of the component, for example,

>>> cct.L1.Z(s)
L₁⋅s

>>> cct.R1.Z(s)
R₁


The generalized s-domain driving point admittance and impedance can be found using dpY and dpZ, for example,

>>> cct.L1.dpZ(s)
R₁⋅s
──────
R₁
s + ──
L₁


Note, this is the total impedance across L1, not just the impedance of the component as given by cct.L1.Z(s).

Here is the complete list of component attributes:

• components dictionary of component lists

• connected list of components connected to the component

• has_ic initial conditions are specified

• has_ac component is a source with an ac component

• has_dc component is a source with a dc component

• has_noisy component is a source with a noisy component

• has_s_transient component is a source with a transient component defined in s-domain

• has_t_transient component is a source with a transient component defined in time domain

• has_transient component is a source with a transient component

• is_ac component is a source that is only ac

• is_causal source or component is causal

• is_capacitor component is a capacitor

• is_current_source component is a current source

• is_dangling component has a node with fewer than 2 connections

• is_dependent_source source is dependent

• is_dc component is a source that is only dc

• is_disconnected component has all nodes with fewer than 2 connections

• is_inductor component is an inductor

• is_independent_source source is independent

• is_noisy component is a source that is only noisy

• is_open_circuit component is an open-circuit

• is_resistor component is a resistor

• is_reactance component is a capacitor or inductor

• is_source component is a source

• is_voltage_source component is a voltage source

• is_wire component is a wire

• nodes list of nodes

• node_names list of node names

• nosim component is ignored for analysis

### Component methods¶

• norton() Creates Norton oneport object viewed from nodes of the component.

• thevenin() Creates Thevenin oneport object viewed from nodes of the component.

• oneport() Creates Thevenin or Norton oneport object as appropriate when viewed from nodes of the component.

• transfer(cpt) Creates transfer function for the voltage across cpt divided by the voltage across the component.

• connected() Returns list of components connected to this component (i.e., components that share a node).

• is_connected(cpt) Returns True if connected to specified cpt (i.e., the components share a node).

• in_parallel() Returns set of names of components in parallel with the component.

• in_series() Returns set of names of components in series with the component.

• noisy(T=’T’) Creates noisy model where resistors are replaced with a noiseless resistor and a noise voltage source.

• noisy_except(resistors, T=’T’) Creates noisy model where all but the specified resistors are replaced with a noiseless resistance and a noise voltage source.

• open_circuit() Applies open circuit in series with the component. The name of the open circuit component is returned.

• short_circuit() Applies short circuit across the component using a 0 V voltage source. The name of the voltage source is returned.

## Nodes¶

A Node object is obtained from a Circuit object using indexing notation. For example,

>>> n1 = cct[1]
>>> n2 = cct['2']


Node objects are also obtained from a Component object using the nodes attribute, for example,

>>> cct.R1.nodes


### Node attributes¶

Nodes have many attributes including: name, v, V, dpY, and dpZ.

• v is the time-domain voltage (with respect to the ground node 0).

• V is a superposition of the node voltage in the different transform domains.

For example,

>>> cct[2].v
-R₁⋅t
──────
L₁
e      ⋅Heaviside(t)

• dpY and dpZ return the driving-point admittance and impedance for the node with respect to ground, for example,

>>> cct[2].dpZ
R₁⋅s
──────
R₁
s + ──
L₁

• connected returns list of components connected to node

• count returns number of components connected to node (excluding annotations and open-circuits)

• is_dangling returns True if node count less than 2

• is_ground returns True if node is a ground (starts with ‘0’)

### Node methods¶

• is_connected(node) Returns True if connected to specified node by a single component.

• is_wired_to(node) Returns True if wired to specified node, directly or indirectly.

• norton(node) Creates Norton oneport object with respect to specified node (default ground).

• oneport(node) Creates oneport object with respect to specified node (default ground).

• thevenin(node) Creates Thevenin oneport object with respect to specified node (default ground).

• wired_to() Returns list of names of nodes that are wired to this node.

## Oneports¶

A Oneport object is defined by a pair of nodes or by a component name. There are three circuit methods that will create a Oneport object from a Circuit object:

• thevenin(Np, Nm) Creates a series combination of a voltage source and an impedance.

• norton(Np, Nm) Creates a parallel combination of a current source and an impedance.

• oneport(Np, Nm) Creates either a Norton model, Thevenin model, source, or impedance as appropriate.

A Oneport object is a Network object so shares the same attributes and methods, see Network attributes and Network methods.

Here’s an example of creating and using a Oneport object:

>>> cct = Circuit("""
>>> R1 3 2
>>> L 2 1
>>> C 1 0
>>> R2 3 0""")
>>> o = cct.oneport('R1')


Alternatively, a Oneport object can be created using a pair of nodes:

>>> o = cct.oneport(3, 2)


A third way is from a node object and another node name, for example,

>>> o = a[3].oneport(2)


Here’s an example,

>>> cct = Circuit("""
>>> R1 3 2
>>> L 2 1
>>> C 1 0
>>> R2 3 0""")
>>> cct.oneport('R1').Z(omega)
⎛   2   ⅉ⋅R₂⋅ω    1 ⎞
C⋅L⋅R₁⋅⎜- ω  + ────── + ───⎟
⎝         L      C⋅L⎠
──────────────────────────────
2
- C⋅L⋅ω  + ⅉ⋅C⋅ω⋅(R₁ + R₂) + 1
>>> cct.oneport('R1').Z(s)
⎛ 2   R₂⋅s    1 ⎞
C⋅L⋅R₁⋅⎜s  + ──── + ───⎟
⎝      L     C⋅L⎠
──────────────────────────
2
C⋅L⋅s  + C⋅s⋅(R₁ + R₂) + 1


## Netlist evaluation¶

The circuit node voltages are determined using Modified Nodal Analysis (MNA). This is performed lazily as required with the results cached.

When a circuit has multiple independent sources, the circuit is decomposed into a number of sub-circuits; one for each source type. Again, this is performed lazily as required. Each sub-circuit is evaluated independently and the results are summed using the principle of superposition. For example, consider the circuit

>>> cct = Circuit("""
... V1 1 0 {1 + u(t)}
... R1 1 2
... L1 2 0""")


In this example, V1 can be considered the superposition of a DC source and a transient source. The approach Lcapy uses to solve the circuit can be found using the describe method:

>>> cct.describe()
This is solved using superposition.
DC analysis is used for source V1.
Laplace analysis is used for source V1.


For the curious, the sub-circuits can be found with the subcircuits attribute:

>>> cct.subcircuits
{'dc': V1 1 0 dc {1}
R1 1 2
L1 2 0 L_1,
's': V1 1 0 {Heaviside(t)}
R1 1 2
L1 2 0 L_1
}


Here the first sub-circuit is solved using DC analysis and the second sub-circuit is solved using Laplace analysis in the s-domain.

The properties of each sub-circuit can be found with the analysis attribute:

>>> cct.sub['dc'].analyse()
{'ac': False,
'causal': False,
'control_sources': [],
'dc': True,
'dependent_sources': [],
'has_s': False,
'has_ic': False,
'independent_sources': ['V1'],
'ivp': False,
'time_domain': False,
'zeroic': True}


## Simplification¶

Netlists have simplification methods : remove_dangling(), remove_dangling_wires(), remove_disconnected(), simplify_series(), simplify_parallel(), and simplify(). The latter is a generic method; it repeatedly calls simplify_series() and simplify_parallel() until no changes can be made. The number of iterations is controlled by the passes argument.

Each of the netlist simplification methods have an explain argument, If this is True, the simplification steps are printed. There is also a modify argument. If this is False, the modifications are not performed.

Here’s an example netlist:

>>> a = Circuit("""
... R1 1 2; right
... R2 2 3; right
... W 3 3a; up=0.5
... W 3 3b; down=0.5
... R4 3a 4a; right
... R5 3b 4b; right
... W 4 4a; up=0.5
... W 4 4b; down=0.5
... R6 4 5; right
... ; draw_nodes=connections, label_nodes=none, label_ids=none""")


with a schematic:

R1 and R2 can be combined in series using:

>>> b = a.simplify_series()


with a schematic:

R3 and R4 can be combined in parallel using:

>>> c = b.simplify_parallel()


with a schematic:

These operations can be repeatedly executed until no further series or parallel combinations can be found. Alternatively, the simplify() method can be employed:

>>> d = a.simplify()


with a schematic:

The dangling wires can be removed using the remove_dangling_wires() method:

>>> e = d.remove_dangling_wires()


with a schematic:

## Netlist analysis examples¶

### V-R-C circuit (1)¶

This example plots the transient voltage across a capacitor in a series R-L circuit:

from lcapy import Circuit

cct = Circuit("""
V 1 0 step 20
R 1 2 10
C 2 0 1e-4
""")

import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 0.01, 1000)
vc = cct.C.v.evaluate(t)

from matplotlib.pyplot import subplots, savefig
fig, ax = subplots(1)
ax.plot(t, vc, linewidth=2)
ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
ax.set_ylabel('Capacitor voltage (V)')
ax.grid(True)

savefig('circuit-VRC1-vc.png')


### V-R-C circuit (2)¶

This example is the same as the previous example but it uses an alternative method of plotting.

from lcapy import Circuit

cct = Circuit("""
V 1 0 step 20
R 1 2 10
C 2 0 1e-4
""")

vc = cct.C.v

import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 0.01, 1000)

from matplotlib.pyplot import subplots, savefig
fig, ax = subplots(1)
vc.plot(t, axes=ax)

savefig('circuit-VRC2-vc.png')


### V-R-L-C circuit (1)¶

This example plots the transient voltage across a resistor in a series R-L-C circuit:

from lcapy import Circuit
cct = Circuit("""
V 1 0 step 10; down
L 1 2 1e-3; right, size=1.2
C 2 3 1e-4; right, size=1.2
R 3 0_1 10; down
W 0 0_1; right
""")

import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 0.01, 1000)
vr = cct.R.v.evaluate(t)

from matplotlib.pyplot import subplots, savefig
fig, ax = subplots(1)
ax.plot(t, vr, linewidth=2)
ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
ax.set_ylabel('Resistor voltage (V)')
ax.grid(True)

savefig('circuit-VRLC1-vr.png')


### V-R-L-C circuit (2)¶

This is the same as the previous example but with a different resistor value giving an underdamped response:

from lcapy import Circuit
cct = Circuit("""
V 1 0 step 10; down
L 1 2 1e-3; right, size=1.2
C 2 3 1e-4; right, size=1.2
R 3 0_1 1; down
W 0 0_1; right
""")

import numpy as np
t = np.linspace(0, 0.01, 1000)
vr = cct.R.v.evaluate(t)

from matplotlib.pyplot import subplots, savefig
fig, ax = subplots(1)
ax.plot(t, vr, linewidth=2)
ax.set_xlabel('Time (s)')
ax.set_ylabel('Resistor voltage (V)')
ax.grid(True)

savefig('circuit-VRLC2-vr.png')


## Mechanical netlists¶

Linear mechanical networks comprising masses, springs, and dampers can be simulated. The mechanical analogue II (impedance analogue) is employed where voltage is equivalent to force and current is equivalent to speed. Thus a mass is analogous to an inductor, a spring is analogous to a capacitor, and a damper is analogous to a resistor.

For example,
>>> a = Circuit("""
k 1 2; right
r 2 3; right
m 3 4; right""")
>>> Z = a.impedance(1, 4)
>>> Z(s).partfrac()
1
m⋅s + r + ───
k⋅s


With this analogue d’Alemberts law is equivalent to Kirchhoff’s voltage law. Thus every loop in the electrical circuit is analogous to a point in the mechanical system. This also means that series combinations transform to parallel combinations and vice-versa.